Both social pressure and emotional support (as a form of social capital) influence the likelihood of intending to have a second or third child. Being exposed to higher social pressure consequently results in a higher predicted probability of intending to have a child. The probability is however higher for men in France than in Bulgaria or Germany.
Predicted probability of intending to have a second or third child for men
Source: Balbo, N. & Mills, M (2011). The effects of social capital and social pressure on the intention to have a second or third child in France, Germany, and Bulgaria, 2004–05. Population Studies, 65 (3), 335-351.
Both social pressure and emotional support (as a form of social capital) influence the likelihood of intending to have a second or third child. Being exposed to higher social pressure consequently results in a higher predicted probability of intending to have a child. The probability is however higher for men in France than in Bulgaria or Germany.
Predicted probability of intending to have a second or third child for men
Source: Balbo, N. & Mills, M (2011). The effects of social capital and social pressure on the intention to have a second or third child in France, Germany, and Bulgaria, 2004–05. Population Studies, 65 (3), 335-351.
Among young adults age 20 to 39 years old, more than 40 percent have at least one biological grandparent who is still alive. Inversely, among older adults age 60 to 79 years old, around 80% have at least one grandchild. Increasing longevity and low fertility exert opposite effect on the availability of kins and on the prevalence of multigenerational families.
Availability of different types of biological kin (%) by age group
Source: Puur, A., Sakkeus, L., Põldma, A., & Herm, A. (2011). Intergenerational family constellations in contemporary Europe: Evidence from the Generations and Gender Survey. Demographic Research, 25(4), 135-172.
