Bibliography

Differences in Informal Care to Parents between Women and Men: The Role of Individual Gender Role Attitudes and National Contexts

Zólyomi, E., Simmons, C., Rodrigues, R., Vafaei, A., Rehnberg, J., Phillips, S., Ilinca, S., Kadi, S., & Fors, S. (2026). Social Policy and Society, 1-16 10.1017/S1474746426101377

Despite shifting attitudes towards men taking up unpaid work, there remains a persistent gender gap in informal caregiving for older adults. We investigate how individual gender role attitudes of women and men influence their provision of care to parents and whether this relationship is moderated by the national context. Using data from the Generations and Gender Survey and logistic regressions …

GGS gender equality gender gap gender role attitudes informal care intergenerational care

Childbearing Motivations and Fertility Desires: An Empirical Analysis for Norway

Brini, E., Dommermuth, L., Lappegård, T., Mynarska, M., & Raybould, A. (2026). Comparative Population Studies, 51 10.12765/CPoS-2026-03

Understanding the motivations that underpin fertility decision-making can shed light on why people in low-fertility countries are increasingly having fewer or no children. Using data from the 2020 Norwegian Generations and Gender Survey, we examine 3,024 people of childbearing age and their childbearing motivations. We find that the childbearing motivations receiving the highest ratings are lifelong joy, fulfilling parental instinct, …

Childbearing motivations Childlessness Fertility desires GGS Norway T-D-I-B

Infertility and Unrealized Ideal Family Size

Lazzari, E. & Beaujouan, E. (2026). Population and Development Review, n/a(n/a) 10.1111/padr.70043

Research indicates that people often end their childbearing years with fewer children than they had expected in young adulthood. However, our understanding of the role of infertility in explaining this discrepancy remains limited. Using data from 10 low-fertility countries included in the second round of the Generations and Gender Survey, this study examines the correspondence between ideal and actual family …

GGS

Country-of-destination patterns vary by gender: completed fertility among first-generation migrants in Europe

Friedrich, C. & Milewski, N. (2026). Genus, 82(1), 2 10.1186/s41118-025-00280-1

Previous research on migrant fertility has focused mainly on the total fertility rate (TFR) at the macro level or on specific birth transitions of migrant women or their descendants at the individual level. Few studies at the micro level examine completed fertility among migrants across European countries, and few compare fertility patterns of migrant men with those of migrant women. …

Assimilation Completed fertility Cross-country comparison GGS GGS-II German-speaking countries Integration Male fertility Migrants Nordic countries

Does depression matter for fertility intentions and their realisation? An analysis of Norwegian and Swedish men and women in coresidential unions

Carlsson, E. & Kim, W. (2026). Genus, 82(1), 3 10.1186/s41118-026-00283-6

Many high-income societies have seen two parallel trends in recent decades: falling fertility rates and an increasing prevalence of mental health issues among young adults. Yet, the association between mental health and fertility remains underexplored, especially with respect to fertility preferences and their realisation. This study examines how depression, one of the most common mental disorders, relates to two fertility …

Fertility preferences GGS Generations and Gender Survey Mental health Nordic Wellbeing

The link between formal childcare uptake and subsequent childbearing: evidence for ten European countries

Wood, J. (2026). Journal of Family Studies, 0(0), 1-22 10.1080/13229400.2026.2615365

Despite numerous studies addressing formal childcare uptake, the potential influence of individual-level childcare usage on subsequent birth hazards remains largely underexplored. Utilizing data from the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS), this study employs dynamic propensity score matching and hazard models to address the association between formal childcare uptake and subsequent birth hazards amongst working parents across ten European countries. In …

Europe Family policies GGS fertility propensity score matching work-family reconciliation

First reproductive experience: A survey module

Beaujouan, E., Singh, S., Šťastná, A., Kreidl, M., Dvořák, D., Hubatková, B., Kmentová, D., Slabá, J., Passet-Wittig, J., Goisis, A., & Väisänen, H. (2025). Demographic Research, 53, 1173-1206 10.4054/DemRes.2025.53.37

Volume 53 - Article 37 | Pages 1173–1206

GGS

Depression Among First- and Second-Generation Migrants: A Population-Based Study in Ten European Countries

Suhr, F. & Bajjuri, B. (2025). European Journal of Public Health, 35(Supplement_6), ckaf180.344 10.1093/eurpub/ckaf180.344

Migrant health is a critical public health concern in Europe. However, evidence regarding the mental health of migrants remains limited and inconclusive. This study explores depression among first- and second-generation migrants, focusing on modifiable post-migration factors across occupational, social, health, and economic domains.We conducted an analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2020 Generations and Gender Survey, encompassing 64,650 adults in …

GGS

Educational hypogamy and gender equality within couples: A review of competing hypotheses and evidence from the Generations and Gender Survey

Steiber, N. & Siegert, C. (2025). European Sociological Review 10.1093/esr/jcaf059

This study examines the implications for gender equality of the increasing prevalence of heterosexual couples in which the woman is more highly educated than the man (‘educational hypogamy’). It provides a structured overview of competing theoretical predictions regarding the association of hypogamy with gender equality within couples and formulates specific hypotheses that address selection into hypogamous unions. Using data from …

GGS

CHANGING FERTILITY INTENTIONS IN MOLDOVA

Emery, T. & Bartova, A. (2025). Economy and Sociology(2) 10.36004/nier.es.2025.2-06

This article examines the realisation of short-term fertility intentions in the Republic of Moldova using longitudinal data from the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) Waves 1 (2020) and 2 (2023). Moldova faces persistent below-replacement fertility and high emigration rates, yet survey evidence indicates that individuals’ desired number of children exceeds the actual number of births. By tracking approximately 650 respondents …

GGS Generations and Gender Survey fertility intentions

The distortion of fertility due to migration: A comparative analysis of migrants in the Netherlands and stayers in Poland

Mondal, N., Fihel, A., & Kloc-Nowak, W. (2025). Demographic Research, 53, 325-342 10.4054/DemRes.2025.53.12

BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that migrants from Central and Eastern Europe to Western Europe experience an increase in fertility after migration. The literature on migrants’ childbearing patterns offers several explanations for this phenomenon.

GGS

Decoding Short-Term Fertility Intentions: Exploring the Nexus of Gender Equality and Societal Factors in a Comparative EU Gender Regimes Analysis

Aragón-Morales, A. & Ruiz-Jiménez, A. (2025). Frontiers in Sociology, 10 10.3389/fsoc.2025.1651929

Low fertility rates in the European Union (EU) have prompted extensive research into the gap between desired and intended fertility, often linked to persistent gender inequality. This study examines short-term fertility intentions among partnered individuals in three EU countries—Finland, Germany, and Spain—representing distinct gender regimes: Scandinavian, Continental, and Mediterranean. Using data from the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) and the …

Classification and regression trees (CART) Family Policies Fertility intentions GGS Gender Equality comparative analysis gender regimes

Does intensive parenting come at the expense of parents’ health? Evidence from Sweden

Nylin, A., Mollborn, S., & Billingsley, S. (2025). Social Science & Medicine, 385, 118610 10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118610

Given concerns that the intensification of parenting could have negative consequences for well-being, this paper explores whether intensive parenting is associated with parents’ self-rated health in the case of Sweden, where extensive parental supports may provide protection. We apply binary logistic regression models to responses from 3400 parents in the nationally representative Swedish Generations and Gender Survey from 2021. Results …

GGS

Unrealized fertility in demography

Yeatman, S. & Smith-Greenaway, E. (2025). Demographic Research, 53, 1145-1172 10.4054/DemRes.2025.53.36

Volume 53 - Article 36 | Pages 1145–1172

GGS

Attitudes Towards Non-Marital Family Forms Among Polish Immigrants in the Netherlands

Piotrowski, M. & Beutel, A. (2025). Comparative Population Studies, 50 10.12765/CPoS-2025-15

Understanding the alignment of Eastern European immigrants’ attitudes with those of their host societies in Western Europe is critical for exploring cultural convergence and divergence, particularly in the context of mass migration and freedom of movement within the European Union (EU). This study examines the extent to which Polish migrants’ attitudes towards non-marital family forms − cohabitation, divorce, and single …

Adaptation GGS Immigration Netherlands Non-marital Family Attitudes Poland

Is Marriage Still Outdated? Changing Views on Marriage and Cohabitation in Five European Countries

Perdoch Sladká, D. (2025). Population Research and Policy Review, 44(6), 56 10.1007/s11113-025-09977-9

This study aimed to examine how views on marriage and cohabitation changed between 2004–2009 and 2020–2023 in Austria, Czechia, Estonia, Germany, and Norway. Cross-sectional data from the first round (GGS-I) and the second round (GGS-II) of the Generations and Gender Survey were analyzed using linear regression models, with attitudes toward marriage and attitudes toward cohabitation as dependent variables. The study …

Attitudes Cohabitation GGS Generations and gender survey Marriage Union formation

Why should I care? Family old-age caregiving and preferences for family or public care provision in France

Arévalo-Iglesias, G. (2025). European Societies, 1-22 10.1162/EUSO.a.74

The rapid ageing of the European population in recent years has brought a significant increase in old-age care needs. While families remain the main care provider in most European countries, their capacity to care has decreased in the face of intensified pressures, calling for a strengthening of public care services. In this context, the discussion on whether families or the …

GGS

Uncertainty, resilience, and fertility: Perceived capacity to overcome loss of employment and fertility intentions in Sweden, 2021

Lindström, O. (2025). Demographic Research, 53, 1003-1044 10.4054/DemRes.2025.53.31

Volume 53 - Article 31 | Pages 1003–1044

GGS

Disentangling the relative importance of subjective economic uncertainty for fertility intentions and realization in Norway

Lappegård, T., Kristensen, A., & Dommermuth, L. (2025). Genus, 81(1), 37 10.1186/s41118-025-00278-9

This study uses longitudinal data from two waves of the Norwegian Generations and Gender Survey (2020 and 2024) to test whether subjective economic uncertainty predicts fertility intentions and the transition to parenthood, controlling for objective economic uncertainty. The Norwegian welfare state provides an extensive economic safety net and institutional buffer, which could dampen the behavioral impact of perceived financial strain. …

Fertility behavior Fertility intentions GGS Subjective economic uncertainty

Couples’ fertility differentials by education: do stepchildren make a difference?

Trimarchi, A. & Toulemon, L. (2025). Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, 91-102 10.71014/sieds.v79i1.301

A growing number of studies has explored both partners’ education as determinant of couples’ fertility, acknowledging the fact that the decision to have a child is couple based. Still, those studies have solely focused on children born to the couple, without considering stepchildren. As a result, in studying couples’ birth rates by educational pairing, previous studies did not account for …

Educational Pairings Fertility GGS Stepchildren

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