Bibliography

Economic Circumstances of Children Living in Higher and Lower-Educated Families and the Contribution of Household Structure: A Cross-Country Comparison with a Child’s Perspective

Heiskala, L., Tuominen, M., Erola, J., & Kilpi-Jakonen, E. (2025). Studies of Transition States and Societies, 17(0) 10.58036/stss.v17i0.1375

We study the contribution of household structure – such as the number of adults and children in the household – to the income gap between higher and lower-educated families. We extend our perspective and unit of analysis from the adults to the children living in households and study differences in children’s economic circumstances between higher and lower-educated families. More specifically, …

GGS cross-country comparison educational disparities household income household structure socioeconomic inequality

Fertility Intentions Across Five Decades in Norway

Dommermuth, L., Lyngstad, T., & Wiik, K. (2025). Comparative Population Studies, 50 10.12765/CPoS-2025-09

Fertility intentions are strong predictors of future childbearing at both individual and aggregate levels, reflecting cultural norms and values around family formation and childbearing. Given the recent decline in fertility across Western industrialized societies, research on fertility intentions has become increasingly important. In particular, falling birth rates in the Nordic countries − traditionally held up as exemplars of modern family …

Desired family size Fertility Fertility intentions GGS Norway Social change

Remote Work and Fertility Plans: A Dual-Income Household Analysis

Jansen, T. (2025). 10.13140/RG.2.2.22543.29603

GGS

Living apart together

Régnier-Loilier, A. (2025). In D. Mortelmans, L. Bernardi, & B. Perelli-Harris (Eds.), Research Handbook on Partnering across the Life Course (pp. 102-116) Edward Elgar Publishing 10.4337/9781803923383.00015

GGS

The Generations and Gender Survey: a cross-national longitudinal resource

Gauthier, A., Kong, S., Grünwald, O., Bujard, M., Caporali, A., Deimantas, V., Emery, T., Jablonski, W., Koops, J., Rijken, A., & Schumann, A. (2025). European Sociological Review 10.1093/esr/jcaf005

Abstract People's life trajectories and family dynamics have become increasingly complex, bringing shifts in fertility, gender equality, work-life balance, and economic stability. The scientific challenge is to capture these complexities and understand their causes and consequences. The Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) provides key insights into these developments, serving as a vital resource for researchers and policymakers. The GGS is …

GGS

Is the gender-gap reversal a feedback loop? Demographic factors influencing gender-gap inequalities in tertiary education in European countries

Katrňák, T., Blossfeld, P., & Doseděl, T. (2025). Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 97, 101040 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101040

GGS

How Do Parents Share Childcare That Interferes With Paid Work? Work Arrangements, Flexible Working, and Childcare

Kuang, B., Perelli‐Harris, B., & Berrington, A. (2025). Journal of Marriage and Family, jomf.13112 10.1111/jomf.13112

ABSTRACT Objective This study examines how mothers and fathers divide childcare tasks that interfere with paid work and whether there is an association with patterns of work and access to work flexibility. Background Childcare encompasses a range of diverse tasks, yet is persistently gendered, with women doing more than men, regardless of work arrangements. Flexible working can exacerbate childcare inequalities …

GGS

Climate change worries and fertility intentions: Insights from three <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">EU</span> countries

Bastianelli, E. (2025). Journal of Marriage and Family, 87(2), 659-675 10.1111/jomf.13048

Abstract Objective This study investigates the relationship between climate change concern and fertility intentions in Finland, Estonia, and Sweden. It explores whether climate worries are associated with a greater inclination to remain childfree or a reduction in the number of intended children, and whether the association varies across the three countries. Background Climate change concern is said to influence fertility …

GGS

Are Intensive Parenting Attitudes Internationally Generalizable? The Case of Sweden

Mollborn, S. & Billingsley, S. (2025). Journal of Family Issues, 46(6), 1079-1108 10.1177/0192513X251330610

Attitudes promoting “intensive parenting” are prevalent in many countries and are associated with mothering and class privilege. Are intensive parenting attitudes widespread and similarly classed in Sweden, which has historically shifted burdens off parents and reduced inequalities? Using the 2021 Generations and Gender Survey, descriptive and latent class analyses identified predominant patterns of intensive parenting attitudes and sociodemographic predictors among …

GGS

A lack of sexual autonomy is associated with increased loneliness in young mothers

Bunke, C. & Keck, T. (2025). BMC Women's Health, 25(1), 3 10.1186/s12905-024-03479-0

Abstract Background Loneliness is a significant risk factor for both mental and physical health issues, including depression and increased mortality. Loneliness is reported at higher levels during life transitions, such as the transition to motherhood. Loneliness in mothers has far-reaching detrimental impacts on both mother and child, such as an increased risk of maternal depression and child abuse. Understanding the …

GGS

What if She Earns More? Gender Norms, Income Inequality, and the Division of Housework

Magda, I., Cukrowska-Torzewska, E., & Palczyńska, M. (2024). Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 45(1), 1-20 10.1007/s10834-023-09893-0

Abstract We examine the relationship between female contribution to household income and the division of housework between the partners, while accounting for their attitutes towards gender roles. We use data from the “Generation and Gender Survey” for Poland: a country where both employment rates of women and their involvement in housework are high, men and women work long hours, and …

GGS

Uncertainty and flexibility of fertility intentions

Barker, R. & Buber-Ennser, I. (2024). Advances in Life Course Research, 61, 100618 10.1016/j.alcr.2024.100618

Large-scale survey data is widely used to study the intention to have a(nother) child. However, there are further opportunities to understand how these intentions are revised over the life course and the uncertainty surrounding them. We aim to further outline the importance of simultaneously considering change and uncertainty in fertility decision-making. Specifically, we identify uncertainty in the “probably not” and …

GGS

The Marital Fertility of Men and Women in Czechia before the First Demographic Transition and in the Current Population

Slabá, J. & Kuprová, B. (2024). Demografie, 66(2) 10.54694/dem.0339

The aim of this study is to analyse the changes in the marital fertility of men and women in Czechia before the first demographic transition (data obtained by excerpting the parish registers of Škvorec manor in the years 1760–1839) and in the current population (data from the Czech GGS II based on interviews between 2020 and 2022) using a unified …

GGS

The educational diffusion of divorce: The role of gender and context

Hogendoorn, B. & Berg, L. (2024). Journal of Marriage and Family, 86, 1-24 10.1111/jomf.12980

Objective: This study examines the educational diffusion of divorce in Europe and the role of women’s decisionmaking therein. Background: As the contextual barriers to divorce have lowered, the divorce rates of less-educated women have increased in many societies. Changes in divorce barriers are likely more pertinent to married women than to married men. However, no previous study has tested whether …

GGS

Swedish Generations and Gender Survey 2021: Forerunner of new modules for the Generations and Gender Programme

Neyer, G., Andersson, G., & Dahlberg, J. (2024). Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, 145-164 10.23979/fypr.137453

The Swedish Generations and Gender Survey 2021 (GGS2021) was the second GGS that Sweden carried out. It was a web-based survey with a paper-based option. Like the first GGS in Sweden (GGS2012) it was linked to register data that cover key dimensions of respondents’ life courses. The Swedish GGS2021 contains two new modules implemented to further research on the link …

GGS

Short-term fertility intentions and outcomes: similarities and differences between childless women and mothers

Grzenda, W. (2024). Journal of Family Studies, 30(5), 881-905 10.1080/13229400.2024.2347326

Research frequently reveals the gap between women’s fertility intentions and childbearing behaviour. Moreover, while the fertility intentions of childless women and mothers with one child can be very similar, the extent to which those intentions are realised is frequently different. In search for the reasons for these discrepancies, we propose how Bayesian methods can be used to investigate both time-invariant …

GGS

Religion and contraceptive use in Kazakhstan: A study of mediating mechanisms

Kan, M. (2024). Demographic Research, 50, 547-582 10.4054/DemRes.2024.50.21

GGS

Reconstructing Prospective Intergenerational Educational Mobility in 12 Countries

Yastrebov, G. & Wittemann, V. (2024). Demography, 61(4), 1117-1142 10.1215/00703370-11463595

Abstract In this article, we reconstruct prospective intergenerational educational mobility and explore fertility's role in this process for women born between 1925 and 1950 in 12 European countries. We do so by combining high-quality retrospective data (Generations and Gender Survey) and low-requirement prospective datasets using an inferential method developed and advanced in prior research. Our analysis shows that the negative …

GGS

Realization of Short-Term Fertility Intentions in a Comparative Perspective: Which Macro-Level Conditions Matter?

Spéder, Z. & Bálint, L. (2024). Population Research and Policy Review, 43(5), 72 10.1007/s11113-024-09913-3

Abstract This is the first large-scale comparative study to search for macro-level determinants of the realization of short-term fertility intentions across European countries. Using the unique follow-up feature of the Generations and Gender Survey and adopting rigorous definitions of intentions and outcomes, it reports on the level of fulfilment and finds clear heterogeneity across European countries. Using a multilevel, multivariate …

GGS

Neue Normalitäten in Partnerschaft und Elternschaft in Österreich? Wandel von Verhalten, Einstellungen und rechtlichen Normen

Beham-Rabanser, M., Berghammer, C., & Zartler, U. (2024). Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 49(3), 299-329 10.1007/s11614-024-00575-1

Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahrzehnten veränderten sich Verhalten, Einstellungen und rechtliche Normen in Bezug auf Partnerschaft und Elternschaft. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob diese Veränderungen zeitlich parallel stattfanden und ob sich „neue Normalitäten“ etablierten. Dies wird in einem Zeitraum von mehr als drei Jahrzehnten untersucht für (a) nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften; (b) Scheidung, Ein-Eltern-Familien und Stieffamilien; (c) gleichgeschlechtliche Partner- und …

GGS